Decisions by farmers and land managers at the farm level

Abstract

In Iberian silvopastoral systems, the roles of farmers and land managers often differ. Using institutional economics, we examined the conditions, constraints and opportunities influencing decisions and strategies by farmers and land managers in the Portuguese montado. Findings unveiled gaps in farmers' and managers' capacity for cooperation and alignment, and for implementing innovative and sustainable strategies. Such strategies are hampered by socio-cultural, policy and administrative factors. Farmers' and managers' reliance on public subsidies is in sharp contrast with their individualism and close affinity with heritage values. Lastly, pathways are described to help farmers and managers move in more sustainable directions.