Dog Neuter, Yes or No? A Summary of the Motivations, Benefits, and Harms, with Special Emphasis on the Behavioral Aspect

Abstract

Neutering pet dogs is a decision that, at some point, most owners will consider and, in some countries, is even mandatory by law or highly recommended as part of responsible pet ownership. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the long-term effects of this common procedure on an animal’s physical and mental health. However, the existing literature does not allow us to draw a single conclusion, as both advantages and disadvantages of the procedure have been described. Recently, more attention has been placed on the negative aspects, particularly concerning behavioral outcomes. Stud- ies indicate that dogs may be at a heightened risk of developing fear, anxiety, and panic responses. Conversely, neutering, especially in males, is still recommended as a means of mitigating certain undesirable behaviors. Sexual hormones are interconnected with other hormones and neurotransmitters, such as cortisol, oxytocin, dopamine, and serotonin. Additionally, breed and sex also influence the effects of neutering. Demographic factors play a role, as well. More research is necessary to fully understand the implications of neu- tering and its intricate relationships. In the meantime, decisions regarding this procedure should be made on an individual basis, and alternative techniques for gonad removal may be explored