Nematotoxic and phytotoxic activity of Satureja montana and Rutagraveolens essential oils on Pinus pinaster shoot cultures and P.pinaster with Bursaphelenchus xylophilus in vitro co-cultures

Abstract

tSatureja montana (winter savory) and Ruta graveolens (rue) nematotoxic essential oils (EOs) (0.5 l EO/mlculture medium) were assessed for the first time in Pinus pinaster in vitro shoot cultures (Ppi) and P.pinaster shoots with Bursaphelenchus xylophilus co-cultures (PpiBx). The EOs nematotoxic effect was eval-uated on B. xylophilus population density in PpiBx co-cultures and the phytotoxic activity to the host wasassessed by evaluating relative water content and volatile profiles both on Ppi cultures and on PpiBxco-cultures. Carvacrol-rich S. montana EO showed phytotoxicity, by inducing shoot chlorosis and droop-ing, whereas no major morphological changes were detected on R. graveolens EO-added Ppi and PpiBxin vitro cultures. Both EOs maintained the nematotoxicity during all experimental phases. R. graveolensEO proved to be an effective PWN antagonist to be further evaluated for pine wilt disease control, givenits less phytotoxicity while maintaining nematoxicity.© 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.